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Saudi Arabia–Pakistan Defence Pact:

19 Sep 2025 GS 2 International Relations
Saudi Arabia–Pakistan Defence Pact: Click to view full image


What happened?

  • Saudi Arabia and Pakistan signed a mutual defence pact in Riyadh.

  • The agreement says: “An attack on one will be considered an attack on both.”

Why is this important?

  1. Signal to Israel:

    • The deal comes right after Israel’s strike on Qatar, and during its wider offensive across West Asia (Iran, Lebanon, Gaza, Syria, Yemen).

    • By aligning with nuclear-armed Pakistan, Saudi Arabia is indirectly warning Israel.

  2. Nuclear Umbrella Possibility:

    • Saudi Arabia has long been suspected of seeking Pakistan’s “nuclear umbrella.”

    • Pakistan, which developed nuclear weapons partly with Saudi financial help, could extend deterrence to Riyadh.

    • A senior Saudi official hinted the pact could involve “all defensive and military means deemed necessary,” implicitly including nukes.

  3. Historic Defence Ties:

    • Pakistani troops have defended Saudi Arabia and its holy sites since the late 1960s.

    • Saudi funds reportedly helped Pakistan push through its nuclear programme despite U.S. sanctions.

Strategic implications:

  • For Israel: It faces the prospect of Saudi Arabia being shielded by Pakistani deterrence.

  • For Iran: Both Pakistan and Saudi Arabia are Sunni-majority states, traditionally wary of Iran’s Shia-led regime and nuclear ambitions.

  • For the U.S.: Complicates Washington’s Middle East strategy. The U.S. has sanctioned Pakistan before, but Riyadh is a close American partner.

  • For West Asia security: This is the first Gulf Arab mutual defence pact since Israel’s Qatar strike, raising risks of bloc-based escalation.


The pact formalizes decades-old Saudi–Pakistani defence ties, but its timing and nuclear undertones make it a direct geopolitical signal to Israel and Iran, while reshaping Gulf security equations.



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